Some time ago I wrote a post on our first EdWeb code sprint. Obviously things have moved on since 2016 – for one thing we have run quite a few contributions events since that pilot! Last December we hosted a Drupal 8 contribution day, as code sprints are now known, inviting some developers from the University of Dundee to take part. Over the years between my original post and our latest contribution day we have learned a lot about making the most out of this type of event. Now seems an excellent time to reflect on my original recommendations for staging a successful code sprint for any application or service and add a few extra things to the list.
Continue reading “Five more things on effective contribution days”Adrian Mouat on ‘Understanding Docker and Containerisation’
Sometimes, what can seem just a useful innovation in IT infrastructure can have a significant effect higher up. Containerisation is one of those things, and one of its experts outlined the how and why in a Software Development Community of Practice industry talk.
One of the advantages of being in Edinburgh is that we have quite the tech scene on our door step. Sometimes literally, as when one of the pioneers of the now ubiquitous Docker container technology turns out to work out of the Codebase side of Argyle House. And that’s not the only connection Adrian has with us; he used to work at the EPCC part of the university. Which made the idea of inviting him over for a general talk on Docker and containerisation both compelling and do-able.
Being in IS, but somewhat removed from actually running server software, I was about as aware of the significance of containers as I was hazy on the details. Fortunately, I was the sort of audience Adrian’s talk was aimed at.
Specifically, he answered the main questions:
What is a container?
A portable, isolated computing environment that’s like a virtual machine, but one that shares its operating system kernel with its host. The point being that it is a lot more efficient in image size, start-up times etc. than a virtual machine. Docker is a technology for making such containers.
What problem does it solve?
Containers solve the “it works for me” problem where a developer gets some software to work perfectly on her own machine, only to see it fail elsewhere because any of a myriad differences in the computing environment.
Why is it important?
Because it enables two significant trends in software development and architecture. One is the shift to microservices, which encapsulate functionality in small services that do just one thing, but do it well. Those microservices ideally live in their own environment, with no dependencies on anything else outside of their service interface. Container environments such as Docker are ideal for that purpose.
The other trend is devops- blurring the distinction between software development and operations, or at least bringing them much closer together. By making the software environment portable and ‘copy-able’, it becomes much easier and quicker to develop, test and deploy new versions of running software.
What’s the catch?
No technology is magic, so it was good to hear Adrian point to the limitations of Docker as well. One is the danger of merely shifting the complexity of modern software applications from the inside of a monolithic application to a lot of microservices on the network. This can be addressed by good design and making use of container orchestration technology such as Kubernetes.
The other drawback is that containers are necessarily not great at sharing complex states. Because each small piece of software lives in splendid isolation in its own container with its own lifecycle, making sure that everyone of them is on the same page when they work together in a process is a challenge.
Overall, though, Docker’s ability to make software manageable is very attractive indeed, and, along with the shift to the cloud, could well mean that our Enterprise Architecture will look very different in a few years’ time.
(repost from the Information Services Applications Directorate Blog)
A View from the Prater – IS at DrupalCon Vienna, Day 2
This week a group of us from Information Services are attending DrupalCon 2017 in Vienna and we are sharing our thoughts on the sessions we attend, recommending top sessions, and giving our key takeaways from our DrupalCon experience. Yesterday I posted our reactions to the first day of DrupalCon, and today we continue our DrupalCon reportage.
For two of our party, Tim Gray and Bruce Darby, this was a very exciting day as they were presenting a session on how we have used code sprints and collaborative development to build a community of users and developers around EdWeb. More on our first-time DrupalCon Speakers later!
Continue reading “A View from the Prater – IS at DrupalCon Vienna, Day 2”
A View from the Prater – IS at DrupalCon Vienna, Day 1
As we embark upon our next big adventure, planning for the migration from Drupal 7 to Drupal 8 of EdWeb, the University’s central CMS, a group of us from Information Services are here in Vienna this week attending DrupalCon 2017. We are a small but diverse bunch of project managers, developers, sysadmins, and support staff who all play a part in building, running and managing EdWeb. For the next few days we’ll be sharing our thoughts on the sessions we attend, recommending top sessions, and giving our key takeaways – not the wurst variety – from our DrupalCon experience.
On Tuesday, we started DrupalCon the right way by attending the always entertaining Pre-note, followed by Dries Buytaert’s traditional Driesnote keynote presentation on the state of Drupal. We then set out on our different tracks, paths crossing at coffee and lunch, for the first intense but interesting day of DrupalCon sessions.
Continue reading “A View from the Prater – IS at DrupalCon Vienna, Day 1”
Turing Fest 2017 Reflections
A few members of Information Services (and possibly beyond) attended Turing Fest at the start of August. Turing Fest describes itself as “four conferences in one; covering the product, strategy, engineering and marketing strands of technology. Spread over two days these four tracks shared knowledge and discussed topics at the cutting edge of technology with world-class engineers and technologists from a variety of industries.” It was held at the EICC here in Edinburgh.
Let’s hear how they got on and what thoughts they came away with. Continue reading “Turing Fest 2017 Reflections”
Code sprint five by five
Last week Development Services, in collaboration with colleagues in the University Website Programme team, helped run a code sprint with developers from around the University to work on fixes and enhancements for EdWeb, the Drupal-based content management system that underpins the University’s website. This post gathers some technology-agnostic thoughts on what we did to prepare, and how we ran our sprint, that might be of interest to anyone thinking about running a similar event.
ScotlandJS 2016
Scotland JS was held on the 2nd and 3rd of June at Dynamic Earth in Edinburgh. There were numerous talks, a few interesting and/or useful of which I have detailed here.
There were a few others, such as VR, JavaScript desktop applications and LiveJS (A demo of using MIDI input to create visuals) that I have not covered. If anyone wants to know more about these, I can also write up the notes I have about them. The rest I have written my notes on and what we can take away from them.
IS at DrupalCon – Mentored Code Sprint
This week myself and a few colleagues attended DrupalCon 2015 in Barcelona and I have been posting some general comments as well as session summaries from Day 1, Day 2 and Day 3.
On Friday, after the main conference ended, the conference centre remained open for the traditional post-conference code sprints, including the Mentored Core Sprint, which myself, Adrian Richardson and Andrew Gleeson attended for the first time. It turns out code sprints are addictive; we arrived at 9am intending to stay until mid-afternoon and were thrown out along with the last remaining sprinters when the building closed at 6pm! Fuelled only by water, caffeine and a very short lunch eaten at our code sprint table, each of us contributed something during the session to move Drupal 8 core along. Some other first-time sprinters were even lucky enough to have their first contribution made to Drupal in a live commit by Angela Byron (webchick) part-way through the code sprint! Having missed out on attending previous DrupalCon code sprints, it was great to finally have the opportunity to join in and contribute to Drupal!
Before arriving for the code sprint, we had prepared our laptops with a Drupal 8 install as well as the various tools described on the DrupalCon website, choosing the Acquia Dev Desktop as the quickest option to get started. We began the day at the First Time Sprinter Workshop to ensure we were all ready to go, and then moved through to the code sprint room, joining the many Drupalistas who had already settled down to coding. The mentor for our table was Rachel Lawson (rachel_norfolk on Drupal.org), who was friendly and extremely helpful in keeping us on the right track as we worked on the issues we picked up from the issue queue.
With Rachel’s guidance, Andrew and I managed to find a couple of related UI issues in Drupal core, specifically the Configuration and Structure administration pages, to give us some experience of using the issue queue. Neither of us had used the issue queue in anger before – the most I have done is re-roll a patch – so we chose something simple, and Rachel kept us right when it came to documenting what we were doing by commenting on the issues we picked up. When 6pm came and we had to leave, we had each uploaded a patch for the issue we were working on, and although neither resulted in a commit before we left, it was very satisfying to feel that we had moved both issues along and made a first small contribution to Drupal core. It was also comforting to see during the excitement of the live commit session in the afternoon that some of the committed changes were of a similar scale to those which we had made!
Being the more experienced Drupal developer among us, and already familiar with the Drupal issue queue, Adrian was quickly drafted in by Rachel to join three other code sprinters, Darko Kantic (darko-kantic), Glenn Barr (kiwimind) and Jari Nousiainen (holist). Together they picked up a task to repace the use of the Drupal core theme_implementation() function for table indentation with a twig template, pooling their individual back-end and front-end skills to come up with a solution that ensures the indentation values update correctly following tabledrag actions. By the end of the day, they had collaborated to produce a patch including the twig template and the required Javascript to handle tabledrag actions. All that remains is to redo the CSS and background images for tree-child classes that display on mousedown.
Watching Adrian and the others work together, going through several iterative discussions to come up with the best solution, supported by a mentor who challenged their approach and reminded them to keep the issue queue updated with progress, this seemed like textbook Drupal community collaboration. By the end of the day, the patch that was uploaded to the issue queue had been worked on by 3 of the group, whilst the remaining member of the team concentrated on identifying where the theme_implementation() function is used so that the patch can be effectively tested. Each developer contributed to an aspect of the problem that best suited their skills, whether Javascript, Twig or CSS, and all were involved in discussing the potential solutions, discarding those that were not suitable as they progressed. When 6pm came, if the venue doors hadn’t closed, Adrian and Glenn would have been happy to keep working and finish the outstanding CSS tasks; Drupal contribution is addictive! As it is, they were able to progress the issue very close to completion, and although no commit to Drupal 8 of the work they have done was made on the day, they can continue to collaborate via the IRC channel to finish what they started.
It was really interesting (and fun!) to take part in a DrupalCon mentored code sprint and witness first hand one of the best things about the Drupal community – the spirit of openness and collaboration that has made it a success. Every contribution, whether large or small, can add something, and every contributor can feel valued by the community for the part they play. I have already been looking at the issue queue for something else to pick up; the challenge will be to find the space and time to continue what we started at DrupalCon!
IS at DrupalCon – Sessions Day 3
This week myself and a few colleagues attended DrupalCon 2015 in Barcelona and I have been posting some general comments as well as session summaries from Day 1 and Day 2.
In a new approach to the early morning keynotes at DrupalCon, Day 3 began with two Community Keynotes presented by David Rosaz and Mike Bell. It was fantastic to see two community members being given the DrupalCon main stage as a forum to present on two very different topics that are important to them, and of interest to the community in general.
David’s presentation of his PhD research covered the different types of contribution made to peer communities such as the Drupal community, highlighting how important all types of contribution are to the continuing success of any such community, as well as how contributions can be encouraged and sustained to strengthen it.
Mike’s talk was of a much more personal nature, using his own experience of mental health problems to open a conversation on this difficult topic in a presentation that clearly chimed with many who were physically present in the audience or following the session online. It was inspiring to hear Mike speak so eloquently about his own mental health issues, how he has learned to accept and deal with them, and how others can do the same; such openness is rare, particularly in front of such a large audience, many of whom are complete strangers. The impact of his presentation, and the audience’s response to it, testifies not only to Mike’s bravery in standing up there to give such a personal talk, a nerve-wracking experience in itself, but also to the inclusive, supportive nature of the Drupal community.
Our experiences of some of the sessions from the final day of DrupalCon in Barcelona are outlined below. Thanks to Riky, Tim, Andrew, Adrian and Chris for contributing their thoughts on sessions they attended; any errors, omissions or misinterpretations in their edited notes are entirely mine. Most of the sessions mentioned below, along with many more interesting talks, are recorded and available on the DrupalCon YouTube channel.
The day finished with the Closing Session, where it was announced that DrupalCon 2016 will be in Dublin.
Building the FrontEnd with AngularJS
This session covered how a Drupal back-end can be decoupled from the front-end, supplying back-end APIs which allow an alternative front-end development tool to be used, a web development technique that is extremely prevalent today. The speaker acknowledged that Drupal does content management very well, but the website delivery tool out of the box does not always live up to the standard of the Drupal back-end. When constructing the model – adding a new content type – the process of getting fields set up and widgets created to configure the admin form is quick, but a lot of time is required to get the output right in the theming layer. Here, a Fully Decoupled model was proposed to address the limitations of front-end development in Drupal. The speaker noted that an alternative Progressive/Hybrid model could use Drupal to provide, for example, the header, footer and menu, with AngularJS for the rich, functional part of the page.
AngularJS is a framework for building decoupled front-end applications, chosen from the many alternatives for several reasons. The large development community makes it easy to get help, and the ready availability of lots of modules via ngmodules.org provides solutions for common problems that the community has already solved. AngularJS embodies OO concepts (dependency injection, etc.) to give a much cleaner codebase, and uses known recipes for laying out the structure of code and solving problems. The framework is supported by Google, which suggests that it should have longevity.
The format of the session was a whistle-stop tour of the tools required to prepare for using Drupal with AngularJS, followed by a demonstration of how the Drupal Views module can be used in conjunction with Drupal 8 RESTful web services to implement a back-end API which will generate view output in pure JSON form for consumption by a front-end application developed in AngularJS.
The following tools are required in the toolkit for a developer wishing to use the techniques demonstrated here:
- Node.js with NPM as package manager;
- a JS package manager, in this case Bower;
- a Task Runner to contain scripts that do particular tasks such as running tests or deploying code, in this case Grunt (Gulp and Broccoli would be suitable alternatives);
- a Scaffolding tool, which takes away a lot of the work in initially building your application, in this case Yeoman (slush would be another option);
- a Testing framework, in this case Karma, which comes with AngularJS (Behat is another option).
Having outlined the toolkit required, the speaker went on to demonstrate the stages of development, showing how straightforward decoupling Drupal can be once you have the right tools in place. The steps covered are described below, but this summary is no substitute for watching the excellent session recording and reviewing the code samples used in the demonstration.
1 Create “REST Export” display for view
A new display type for views is provided by RESTful web services, generating “just the data” in raw JSON format when the API URL is called. When the View is filtered, for example by ID, only filtered content appears in the JSON RESTful output.
2 Scaffolding for the AngularJS application
A scaffolding tool, Yeoman in this example, provides recipes which do the legwork of building the initial application. A simple command creates the base directories that are required for the web application, such as app for the code, dist for the compiled/minified files, required components for node & bower, etc. In this example, Node was used for the server side and Bower supplied the dependencies for AngularJS. A Grunt file defines the tasks which can be done on the project; an IDE such as PHPStorm may provide a pretty visual representation of this.
It was extremely impressive to see just how much of the repetitive process of getting an application up and running can be automated. The scaffolding process creates an empty application that is ready for code!
3 Set up the client side HTML to support the AngularJS code
The AngularJS application demonstrated was a single page application using index.html (HTML is the templating language for AngularJS). The compiled public version of this file differs from the version used during development because the Grunt task from the scaffolding recipe takes out unnecessary lines that are only for dev purposes when compiling the application. Again, automation simplifies the development and deployment process.
In index.html, an attribute on the body tag (ng-app) acts as a directive to provide scope for the AngularJS module that will provide functionality.
4 Create the server side AngularJS code
The app.js file in the AngularJS application contains router information to let the front-end know where to send requests. AngularJS uses dependency injection to inject the correct service at runtime; all that is needed is to provide the service name in arguments when defining the function. It was noted that HTML 5 mode needs to be enabled and base defined in order to use clean URLs, otherwise you get # in URLs. The $routeProvider configuration is used to tell AngularJS what template to use and what controller to use for each URL. The response handler is defined in a .js file, and a template file generates the application output using the RESTful web services output drawn from Drupal.
Et voila, with all of this in place, the Drupal 8 back-end is successfully decoupled and content consumed using a front-end AngularJS application.
5 Extend the app
Having covered the creation of the application, the demonstration went on to extend it, installing a new client-side package using Bower, which downloads a dependency that can then be configured in AngularJS app. This is done by including the dependency to the JS file for the package in the index.html file and adding the dependency to app.js in the section where dependencies are configured. Once the new client-side package is configured via these simple steps, it is ready to use.
The speaker briefly touched on equivalent functionality for Drupal 7, which does not have the built-in RESTful web services provided by Drupal 8. The services module can open up all nodes on the system via GUI config, and hooks can be used to override how the data is sent back. Alternatively, the RESTful module is code-based & gives more control over how the data is returned. The generator-hedley Yeoman script provides a scaffodling recipe to build a Drupal 7 back-end with an Angular application client, and includes Behat as the testing framework.
This session was very well presented and incredibly dense; the speaker not only provided background on the reasons for decoupling Drupal and how RESTful web services can be used to achieve this, but also gave a really good overview of how an AngularJS application is structured, showing just how clean the code can be and how well back-end and front-end elements are separated. Some developers in IS Applications are already exploring the possibilities of AngularJS in the context of uPortal development (see Unit testing AngularJS portlet with Maven and Jasmin and Making Portlets Angular); what we saw here indicates that we should definitely be pursuing this further. Decoupling allows the best tool to be used for the particular task in hand. The exciting potential is not limited to the Drupal context; given how much of the web is now being delivered using these decoupling techniques, we should start making the most of the flexibility they provide.
AMA: Drupal Shops Explain How They Do It
This was a Q and A session with a panel of 3 from larger Drupal shops these were:
- Mike King, Project Manager with AnnerTech in Ireland
- Dogma Muth, Project Manager from Amazee Labs in Zurich
- Steve Parks, Wunderroot in London
The main takeaway from this session covers the question I raised on UX. What we did during the EdWeb project around UX was basically correct but too chunky; it could be refined to be more efficient by doing the UX in smaller chunks and earlier. Another improvement would be starting the wire-framing before the design is complete, the caveat being to do this where this fits. A second takeaway is around project communication, the two key words here are “early” and “transparent”!
Below is a summary of the questions and discussion. Also, check out the Wunder Way at http://way.wunder.io, where Wunderroot explain their project delivery strategy.
Q: How much do you explain to your clients about what Drupal is as a community?
All three said that they explain to their customers the principles behind the community, usually at the outset, and attempt to educate their clients and encourage their teams to engage and, where possible, contribute to the community. It’s also important to get their clients on board so that code can be fed back to the community after a project has finished where this is appropriate.
All three noted that there are different options for time recording from individual recording across a client/community split to having a percentage within a sprint for community-focused work. Also, community time spent during office hours needs to be met with the same amount of time outside of the organisation.
Q: How can small teams with a limited number of people and resources accommodate all the traditional Agile roles and processes?
In this situation it is important to concentrate on the most important parts and not try to do everything at once. Firstly, use communication as a tool to ensure that user stories correctly generate the deliverables to achieve the project objectives. With this in mind, it is important to understand why a feature is needed. The “so that” part of the story needs to clearly identify why something is wanted. Again on the communications front, stand-ups are the key to transparency within the project team.
Q: How is UX incorporated into your Agile process, in particular in projects with a large number of user stories and pressure to get things out the door?
Simple answer – wire-frames and process flow! Test often and early and keep it simple. Test on prototypes and allow sufficient time for this. It is good practice for the person doing the design not to pass the UX. There is no perfect way, but the key is dialogue! It is not recommended to wait until all the various design parts are finished before starting, and it’s important to keep asking what does the user really need. Find a way to confirm that by getting real end-users involved at the earliest stage possible. Also, UX starts at the beginning of a project with customer journeys.
Q: What is the ideal sprint length?
Two weeks, with a regular meeting structure including adequate time for planning and review. The whole team needs to be involved in sprint/iteration review. For some projects shorter sprint/iteration are a better fit, especially where faster demos are required; likewise under certain circumstances it may be better for a longer sprint/iteration duration.
Q: What is the best testing approach?
The key here is comprehensive automated testing, peer testing and of course dumb user (PM!) testing. It is also good practice to include testing in the definition of “done”, enforcing the idea that a user story is not done until testing is complete.
Q: How can things that were missed during discovery be picked up at a later stage, and how is this communicated with the client?
It’s easy: go back to the client at the earliest opportunity. Secondly, if this means extra scope then something has to give, and the client needs to prioritise. To avoid this happening, it’s important that the clients understand the principles of Agile and how it works. Change will always happen; it needs to be embraced and communicated, early and accurately, in order to allow prioritisation.
Distributed Teams, Systems & Culture: Finding success with a distributed workforce
In this session, the speaker talked about how Pantheon successfully maintain a worldwide engineering team where 30% of engineers work remotely.
A distributed culture gives autonomy to function in space and time. It has several benefits to the company, such as higher availability of staff and greater coverage of time zones for supporting services, but also benefits staff members too, allowing greater flexibility in how they work, and freeing up time which would otherwise be spent on commuting to an office.
To assist in their distributed working, Pantheon use a variety of tools:
- Slack instant messaging with the Hubot chat bot;
- Google Hangouts for meetings;
- PagerDuty to alert support staff when outages occur;
- Waffle as a Trello-like board for working with GitHub issues;
- Sprintly as an Agile board;
- Stickies as a collaborative online whiteboard
- YubiKeys, a hardware key which needs to be plugged into a PC by a staff member, for 2 Factor Authentication.
However, there are things which aren’t as easy when working in a distributed manner. For Pantheon, trust, security and morale are very important; negativity and staff frustration can be amplified when working remotely. Pantheon introduced mandatory working from home days so that all staff could empathise with those who don’t work in an office. The bottom line is that you cannot beat actually getting together in person, but that doing so in a relaxed and more social manner can strongly aid working together remotely, even if only between different offices, by opening communication channels.
While we don’t have much distributed working in IS Applications, a lot of the tools were interesting and principles and techniques were discussed here which can be applied to people working in offices in the same city, but located in different offices and across different teams. We have equivalents for some of the tools demonstrated (HipChat, Skype for Business, Jira and Jira Agile), but using PagerDuty as an alerting system, 2FA hardware keys and extending HipChat with chat bots were all ideas which I will investigate further to see if they could be adopted within the department.
CIBox – full stack open source Continuous Integration flow for Drupal/Symfony teams
The session started by describing the old Continuous Integration workflow used by FFW; there was a single development environment, with all commits made to the master branch and then master was deployed to DEV, which caused shared resource problems and took too long for developers to configure their local development environment each time.
Their current workflow is now much better, and in some ways similar to the development performed for the Drupal projects: local Vagrant VMs are used, with feature branches in Git and automated testing on pull requests, BackTrac shows visual diffs between site versions and multi-node Munin for OS monitoring.
To enable their new workflow FFW produced CIBox, a standardised, preconfigured way to deploy the Jenkins continuous integration server. These are Vagrant Ubuntu VMs configured with Ansible and setup to use a GitHub project. The Jenkins VMs have Jenkins plugins, LAMP with SSL, CodeSniffer and JSHint code sniffers, SCSS-Lint for SASS file linting, security linters, Jetty and Solr, Selenium and Behat, and Drupal configuration instantly available.
While it is unlikely that we would use CIBox to replace our current Bamboo configuration, it was encouraging to see that many of the improved workflow techniques used by FFW are already being adopted by Development Services (Git with feature branches) or are soon to be investigated (local Vagrant development environments).
Introducing Probo.CI
“Drupal is near impossible to test in an automated way; there’s too code and too much in the database,”
So began the confident speaker in a very exciting talk about the Probo Continuous Integration server. Traditionally in modern CI workflows, issues would be created and assigned to developers, they would create code and commit it to a feature branch, then this would be reviewed in DEV. However, despite these ‘best practices’, having multiple tickets worked on in one feature branch can mean cherry-picking pain if the Business is only happy that some of the issues have been successfully completed.
An alternative workflow proposed by Probo is to still have assigned tickets get coded on by developers and committed to a feature branch, but then have these feature branches get reviewed in their own temporary environments. This allows far more useful QA to be performed and avoids situations where only half a feature branch is ready for merging.
To enable this alternative workflow which distinguishes the tool from being “yet another CI server”, Probo was created. Available as both a hosted SaaS solution and as an open source project, Probo watches a GitHub project and automatically creates a temporary environment on the creation of a pull request. The technology it runs on is also interesting, using ‘fat’ Docker containers which treat an environment as a single unit.
The process of isolating individual features on a branch is actually similar to how feature branches were used in the project to develop the University’s new Drupal CMS, EdWeb. Each feature branch represented the functionality for a particular user story, but rather than having temporary environments automatically spin up, each branch was deployed to the Dev infrastructure, and only merged when ready. Automatic deployment of a temporary environment for each branch would have saved us having to manage the slot for deployment of a feature branch to Dev. Another difference is that QA by the business was carried out in a Test environment after merging with other features; whilst it did not happen often, we were still sometimes in a position where features that had been merged were not quite ready for production. The ability for the business to do their QA on the feature branch in a temporary environment would have been extremely useful. The session also highlighted a flaw in the new workflows being developed as part of our Python adoption.
This was a very entertaining session that I would encourage others to watch. Having a way to spin up temporary environments for QA is a very powerful technique which can be applied not just to Drupal, but to all of our development, and is something I intend to investigate further.
Visual Regression Testing
This session centred around Shoov, an open sourced visual regression tool developed by Gizra. Shoov provides both live monitoring of an application – as you would get from pingdom or 24×7 – and live visual regression testing. Testing for visual regression on the live site allows you to test for issues introduced by 3rd party elements, such as Facebook and Twitter widgets, as well as pick up on elements not rendering as expected, which cannot be spotted by conventional tests. It helps identify the cases where the site is broken as far as the users are concerned, but more conventional monitoring would report everything to be OK.
The session demonstrated how to use Behat to define your tests, and how to run the same test for multiple browsers (Chrome, IE, etc) on multiple platforms (Windows 7, OS X Yosemite, iPhone 5, etc) across multiple viewports (320, 640, 960, etc). You aren’t tied to Behat for testing; cucumber, casper.js and others are also supported.
The demonstration also covered how to exclude specific elements on the page that you always expect to differ from your base element, such as video, image carousels or other animated elements. You just use a CSS3 identifier to specify whether it should be excluded, hidden or removed before generating the diff image. Not only do you get a high contrast image diff, as Wraith generates (see also Fundamentals of Front-End Ops), but you can also get an image overlay where you can swipe to reveal one version overlaid on the other.
Building semantic content models in Drupal 8
RDFa from schema.org is now in Drupal 8 core and this session showed what is currently possible with the help of contrib modules and what is in the pipeline with sandbox modules.
There is a lot of work going on to reduce the overhead both for site builders and site users in adding semantic markup to their pages. In Drupal 7 it is not a quick process to build a new entity and map its fields to RDFa properties.
With the RDF UI module it becomes very easy to generate a new content type based on a schema.org definition. If you want to create a new sporting event content type for example, you can specify that it is to be generated with a schema.org definition and you are just presented with a list of fields derived from http://schema.org/SportsEvent; then you just need to select those properties you want to use and generate fields for, and the entity is built for you with all the RDFa mapping done.
Keeping to the premise that you shouldn’t be replicating content in many places, there is a lot of effort going into tapping into external sources for taxonomies and marking those up with the correct RDFa automatically. Being able to have Entity Reference Fields take data from external APIs means you don’t have to replicate the effort in maintaining the taxonomy. For instance, you want to have the user select a genre for your music site, just point your entity reference field at the Genre API and offload that work while ensuring the semantic markup is also there to help search engines give intelligent results for searches by music genre.
When it comes to user-generated content and including semantic markup, there has only really been the RDFa Content Editor (RDFaCE) plugin for TinyMCE. But now we have a couple of extra buttons coming to CKEditor in Drupal 8 to allow users to apply semantic links to content – with dynamic lookups to Wikidata – to make it easy for you to, for instance, mark the word “Paris” in your content as a prince of Troy rather than have search engines interpret your content as relevant for the capital of France. There is a dynamic lookup based on your initial selection which you can further refine with additional terms to locate the correct “Paris” in the list and select that, and this is all without leaving your main workflow, making it more likely that content editors will actually use semantic markup.
What we learned from building an (extensible) distribution
This session covered lessons learned during the development of the ERPAL distribution. There are many uses for a distribution platform, which can start to introduce new challenges.
At the University our mechanism for supplying a Distribution profile matching the central Drupal CMS provision is still quite new, as is using Drupal in general. Although not widely used at the moment, there is quite a lot of scope for sites to implement sites based on the Distribution. It is however quite difficult to pre-empt how something so new will be used; we should remain aware of the potential is it matures in order to exploit it.
I attended this session with a colleague from the University Website Programme team, who manage the central Drupal CMS provision, EdWeb. Afterwards, the talk sparked a conversation about our own distribution and issues which we might have at the moment. The main thing that came out of this discussion is that a default config for our distribution site would be useful to make it easier for users to get up and running with working with it. We will follow this up by writing up some of the areas which have already arisen as needing some configuration for new users of our distribution. We can then identify how to incorporate this into this distribution itself, or even just into the one-click distribution provided on our central hosting system, which will be much simpler to achieve, and may be all that is required.
Drupal 8 retrospective with Dries
In this session, Dries talked mainly about the high and low points of the Drupal 8 project.
One of the main suggestions that came out of this was to release fewer things sooner, which is a strategy that will be adopted for future Drupal releases. It’s possible to see parallels between the Drupal 8 project and our project to develop the central Drupal CMS, EdWeb, giving some perspective on what we have done and achieved, and suggesting how we might proceed in future.
IS at DrupalCon – Sessions Day 2
On Tuesday and Wednesday I posted some session summaries and comments from DrupalCon 2015 in Barcelona, where myself and a few colleagues are spending this week.
Day 2 of DrupalCon began with a short session celebrating those involved with Drupal. i.e. partners and contributors, highlighting the importance of Drupal community members contributing through sprints, followed by the morning’s Keynote with Nathalie Nahai. Nathalie spoke about web psychology, providing a scientific perspective on how people see and react to different aspects of web content presentation. Admittedly the theme was more applicable to those Drupal users who deal with marketing aspects of websites since it was concerned with how to get, and keep, the attention that you desire from your online audience. However, the principles apply equally well to any organisation or institution interested in engaging in the most effective way with visitors to their website.
The day continued with many more sessions across a broad range of topics. We also took part in a couple of Birds of a Feather sessions, one of the great features of DrupalCon, allowing members of the Drupal community with a common background or interest an opportunity to discuss face-to-face the issues they deal with, sharing their knowledge and experience and exploring potential strategies to resolve those issues.
Our experiences of some of Wednesday’s DrupalCon sessions are outlined below. Thanks to Riky, Tim, Andrew, Adrian and Chris for contributing their thoughts on sessions they attended; any errors, omissions or misinterpretations in their edited notes are entirely mine. Most of the sessions mentioned below, along with many more interesting talks, are recorded and available on the DrupalCon YouTube channel.
How to change our Estimation Process Took our Project Endgame from WTF to FTW
This session covered estimation and how to turn this critical project component from something that often leads to a project being perceived as a failure, into an accurate and more reliable part of the project process. A common issue within some organisations is that the person deciding the budget does not have the in-depth knowledge of the project deliverables required to make sensible decisions. A lot of work goes into creating an initial estimate without knowing the details of the deliverables; the “bid”, or in UoE terms the proposal estimate, needs to be made on the objectives, and it should be accepted that this is what the estimate reflects.
During the estimation process, it’s crucial to ask the right questions, to review and to explain the process outlined below (creating transparency), to define scope (get the business to say what they want), and to discuss and agree milestones.
The next part in the process is the discovery, which is best done with UX sketches, but this needs a designer! Rapid iterative design should be the approach, with sketch approval, continuing early tech planning with sketches in preference to wire frames; these sketches are not full set of requirements but enable rough estimates to be produced with a goal of +/- 40% accuracy. This provides an early indication of feature complexity and expedites prioritisation before moving on to wireframes, and long before anything is actually built. Wireframes must be fully approved before beginning the next stage.
The next stage is full Tech Planning, which involves larger group of people with a goal of achieving estimates with 10% accuracy, adding implementation notes. This stage comprises of several 1.5 – 2 hour meetings over a couple of weeks where the deliverables are broken down into tasks and these are estimated in hours. These sessions involve lots of discussion using a kind of low level poker estimation, but do not involve the business. The project manager can then create a budget breakdown based on the estimates; the results, which are now deliverables, are then shared with the business and recommendations discussed with them.
If the estimation is over the the available budget at this stage, the options are clear: descope, share work or find more budget.
During the build pay close attention to:
1. Large overspend on individual tasks;
2. New requirements (these need prioritisation!);
3. Weekly budget reviews and status check ins;
4. Demo as often as possible as this gets customers excited when they can see a concept come to life!
Finally at project wrap up the project should be within 10% of the estimate. It is worth noting that this process doesn’t really work when the client provides UX, or for time and materials projects – in that case just go Agile!
However, this approach does present two main challenges: it requires partner buy in, and essential meetings are difficult to schedule.
My takeaways from this session are the need to review and constantly update estimates as the project moves forward, the importance of prioritisation and defining what is actually needed, and creating transparency throughout this process. On suitable projects, this could involve additional soft milestones for estimation. Another takeaway relates to the estimation process itself, to make it more accurate. To do this we need to have more detail before committing to delivery. As project managers, we need to be strong and not press ahead when there is insufficient detail; without this, there is a tendency to estimate at an abstract optimistic level.
Drupal Extreme Scaling
The old way to boost Drupal performance is to use the following technologies: memcache, APC/OPcache, Varnish, and server redundancy. We currently use all of these. We can now utilise elastic computing and containerisation to boost performance – as the presenter put it:
“this is not future technology, but present technology”
The speaker’s team was tasked to provide a minimum cost, automated, no-downtime hosting platform for 30 to 100 thousand Drupal sites. To do this, Amazon Web Services infrastructure was used to run a stack consisting of Docker containers, Nginx, MySQL, MongoDB, with Ansible for Configuration Management, a Node.JS administrative application, Apache Mesos as an abstraction layer, and Marathon and Chronos running on Mesos to allow it to control Docker containers and scheduled tasks. The end result gave a platform which could perform EC2 auto scaling and spin up Amazon Machine Images which contain the three used Docker containers (one for the admin application, one for Varnish, and a Drupal container which would be used for every site), while databases were shared with one per 500 sites to minimise their overheads using a clever method of table prefixing.
This was a fascinating, very technical talk which I’d recommend watching to anyone with an interest in successfully solving a huge, complex infrastructural project with modern technologies. Although we only have one Drupal site to run and not tens of thousands, some very useful advice was given based on the presenter’s experiences: Nginx is very flexible and PHP-FPM increases performance significantly (as we found with our own testing); centralised logging is vital; always use authentication on REST APIs; and the combination of cloud hosting and containerisation was excellent. If the task were to be repeated today though, one would likely use the AWS EC2 Container Service instead of Mesos and Marathon. Possibly the most important thing to remember
“Lazy DevOps is the best DevOps!”
Headless D8 in HHVM plus Angular.js and some other things you can do with Platform.sh
Platform.sh is a deployment platform originally developed for PHP applications which now also supports Python and node.js. It integrates with whatever git repository you want, as well as HipChat, Jira and other tools, allowing multiple applications to be pushed into one build, e.g. front and back-end applications, and appear under separate hostnames. Platform.sh handles all the DNS and varnish config to create these pop-up environments and replicates live database and configuration into your development area. It can also sanitise the database as it’s moved to strip out user passwords and email addresses, etc.
One really useful feature is the ability for developers to specify the version of PHP and control the php.ini file in YAML files. You can also specify which database should be set up for the environment.
The ability to control this non-code configuration and replicate a complex build process for all developers without them all needing the level of expertise to set up their own environment comes in very useful when working with multiple teams. This is especially true if external developers who don’t know your environment are involved.
The session also covered some of the performance gains that can be achieved running Drupal on HHVM (HipHop Virtual Machine), over PHP7 and PHP5.
Defense in Depth: Lessons learned securing 100,000 Drupal Sites
Data breaches can be very expensive, so it is incredibly important to ensure that security consciousness is part of our mind-set in IS Applications. Breaches typically are not due to cracking encryption and hashes or exploiting unknown vulnerabilities, but rather human error. Thought should be given to the “CIA Security Triad” of confidentiality, integrity and availability. Security lists can be used to find out known vulnerabilities which need to be patched, these include: US-CERT and CERT-EU, LWN, Drupal, and security releases by Red Hat.
The main thing we took away from this session was not the quality of the advice, which was all very sensible (do backups, patch your servers and applications, use a Version Control Repository), but the practicalities of implementing that advice. Recommendations like using 2 Factor Authentication for our SSH keys are great, but we aren’t even using SSH keys for connecting to servers. Using enterprise login services so password hashes aren’t stored locally is also sound, but only if we were to use a technology like OAuth to allow it. We need to be doing more good practice when it comes to security; a greater security consciousness within IS Applications would be a great step in the right direction.
Local vs. Remote Development: Do Both by Syncing Your Site From Kitchen to Cloud With Jenkins
There are pros and cons to developing both locally (using VMs on a developer’s PC) and remotely (using Development servers provisioned by Development Technology). CASCADE is a new tool to streamline development workflows and add CI to local development. Effectively, it is extra code which uses Ansible to spin up and configure local Jenkins and GitLab Vagrant boxes and provide an interface to them.
While everyone in the audience was using Vagrant, very few had edited a Vagrantfile or run more than one Vagrant box at a time; a tool like CASCADE could provide developers with a simpler way to have a more advanced local CI environment. I don’t think its use would be appropriate to Development Services, but some of the ideas raised were interesting, especially as we are not generally using Vagrant for local development yet.
Behat+Mink+PhantomJS = Test ALL THE THINGS!
Integration testing is a topic that pops up regularly at DrupalCon, and in retrospect it was interesting to hear this talk on the same day as another talk on unit testing. This particular session focused on the use of BDD framework Behat for testing, coupled with Mink to simplify interaction with the browser emulator, provided in this case by PhantomJS (other browser emulators such as Selenium webdriver can also be used).
Whilst the speaker was very engaging and did give a decent high level outline of the different components, including the Gherkin language used to define Behat tests, the outline didn’t have a clear structure, which made it difficult to get a grasp on how each component fits into the bigger picture. That in turn makes it difficult to judge whether any/all of what was demonstrated would be useful in our context. It was also disappointing to see that whilst the talk description mentioned screenshot comparison, the only real mention of this during the talk was to say that PhantomJS was not the best tool for UI comparison (one attendee suggested wraith as an alternative). UI testing is something that we definitely need to explore further in the context of our Drupal CMS, and our current set of tools for automated testing (primarily Selenium WebDriver with test suites built in Java) may not be the best starting point. Unfortunately, although it was interesting to see Mink, which I hadn’t come across before, there was nothing in this particular talk to help us find the best approach to UI testing where there are gaps in our own test suites.
Principles of Solitary Unit Testing
Whereas the earlier session I attended on Behat with Mink and PhantomJS was concerned more with integration testing, this session explored the principles of solitary unit testing, as contrasted with sociable unit testing, where the idea is to limit what is being tested as much as possible, essentially to test one thing without “crossing boundaries” such as writing to disk or reading from a database.
The speaker provided a very clear and interesting summary of the principles of unit testing, exploring aspects such as:
- the importance of testing “one concrete class” (not counting value objects as these don’t have behaviour), using “doubles” to represent dependencies and objects returned by collaborators, thereby eliminating crossing of boundaries;
- the stages of solitary unit testing, namely Arrange (setting up the context, e.g. any data required, before carrying out the test), Act (which ideally should call only one method) and Assert (to test whether the test passes);
- the principle of always asserting last, and limiting each test to one assertion, which is really a general principle rather than a hard and fast rule – it was pointed out by one attendee and acknowledged by the speaker that sometimes it is necessary to break this principle;
- ways of handling some of the complexity issues around unit testing, for example using ‘object mothers’ or ‘data builders’ to encapsulate setup, writing custom assertions to avoid multiple asserts in one method, and eliminating dependencies, all of which reduce the lines of code in the actual test and help to avoid “fragile tests” which break easily when something changes that isn’t directly related to the specific test;
- the ability of solitary unit testing to highlight bad OOP code – if the test is difficult to write, the problem could be the code.
The speaker noted that solitary unit testing is not a catch-all, and will not always provide the most appropriate benefit. In our particular context, end-to-end integration testing is of greater importance than unit testing as we need to ensure that the complex set of contrib and custom modules and configuration settings which comprise our central Drupal CMS function correctly when deployed together in one of our deployment environments; integration testing using Selenium Webdriver is therefore incorporated in our automated deployment process.
Notwithstanding the focus of our own test suites however, the principles explored in this session such as clear code structure, isolating specific functionality, ensuring readability and clarity of tests, minimising what is covered by one test, and limiting the assertions performed, are equally applicable. It seems to me that many of these principles are a starting point for best practice regardless of the particular type of testing being performed. This was an excellent talk which provoked an equally interesting conversation between attendees and the speaker on when it is appropriate to bend or break the principles. I highly recommend watching the session recording to anyone with an interest in automated code testing.
SmarTest: Proposal for accelerating the detection of faults in Drupal
The SmarTest module has been developed at the University of Seville, extending SimpleTest to improve automated testing for widely varying system configurations. With Drupal having a high scope of configuration variability, it can generate multiple test cases for different configurations which can be quite difficult to cover in testing.
As part of the studies performed by the speaker, Ana, and her team at the University of Seville, a diagram was drawn up showing the relationships between a set of modules (48 in their example). After querying how this was produced, I was told that it was quite an involved manual process and, without tools to assist, would be a fairly time consuming if we wanted to have the same thing.
With the tests that they ran across various modules, they found some direct (and possibly obvious) relationships between certain aspects. They found that module size (lines of code) as well as the number of commits on a module directly related to the number of faults found in the modules which they tested, i.e. More code and/or more commits produced more faults. However, the more contributors that there were on a module did the opposite and reduced the number of faults in modules. It was also found that migrating the same modules to a newer version of Drupal introduced more faults again.
The SmarTest module is something that could be interesting for us to run against the configuration of EdWeb, our central Drupal CMS. It aims, among other things, to highlight the most potentially problematic modules. However, the problem of Drupal being a “variability-intensive system” is not so much of an issue for us as we don’t really expect to vary our configuration drastically or often.
Next generation graphics: SVG
SVG is making a comeback now that Flash is dying off, and high resolution mobile and touch-screen tablet devices require vector graphics to keep logos and icons sharp while keeping file size low.
While there are no SVGs in Drupal 7, Drupal 8 core is now making use of SVG assets to replace PNGs. This session covered SVG as a markup language, even how to write it by hand (if you are that way inclined), as well as the features available for animating and interacting with SVGs using javascript, and how well (or not so well) these features are supported by the different browsers.
There are also some quite significant security risks if you allow users to upload their own SVG files, but that aside, you should be looking to SVGs rather than icon fonts for those vector icons now.
Configuration management in Drupal 8
Configuration Management is a new feature to Drupal 8; in Drupal 7 the closest you have is the features module. This session was a quick tour of how configuration in Drupal 8 can be exported and imported using drush, how it is stored in YAML files, and where it is defined in custom modules.
Dependencies are fully managed in Drupal 8 through these YAML configuration files, and when dependencies are removed, the configuration is deleted. Demonstrations during the session showed how dependencies build up and apply as soon as you use them, for example, a role access filter being applied to a view.
Tips for best practice in changing these files and moving these files between environments were covered, as well as in-depth details of the Configuration Entity and third party settings.
Drupal architectures for flexible content
This session explored the need to understand the requirements of editors and how to deal with the demands of content editors in Drupal.
Current limitations in Drupal were also highlighted, such as the disconnection between content and layout, which is not always a problem, and also how Drupal does not currently have revision history in content editing.
Making Drupal fly – The fastest Drupal ever is here!
Quite simply, this “fastest Drupal ever” is Drupal 8.
Different caching options were discussed and it does look like, due to the issues seen in Drupal 7 and earlier, a lot of attention has been given to performance and customisation of caching options in Drupal 8, .
As mentioned in previous session notes, full page caching via reverse proxy such as Varnish is also possible in Drupal 8.
Birds of a Feather Sessions
Design and Usability Critiques
This was a great BoF discussion, not so much for new information, but confirmation that the UX approach taken during the EdWeb project was fundamentally correct, although the process of incorporating UX into Agile project needs to be lighter, take place earlier and be more frequent. We had 3 hour sessions with a large group of people, who at that time in the iteration were all under pressure to get the iteration completed.
Some recommendations to make Agile UX sessions more effective:
1. Run combined sessions with developers, business analyst, etc. but make them shorter;
2. Present results at these sessions;
3. Be clear about how UX sessions relate to prioritised stories;
4. Be clear up front about what questions the UX session should answer.
Tips:
http://www.jasonondesign.com/2014/05/05/ladder-of-control/#scrollto
https://www.usertesting.com/b/
Drupal in Higher Education
This session was set up by developers from the University of Adelaide in Australia and was well attended by representatives from Higher Education institutions in the UK and across Europe. The initial introductions showed that a wide range of Drupal experiences at various stages of maturity were represented, from the management of a small number of Drupal sites, through the distribution of a profile across more than 100 devolved Drupal sites, to the wholesale replacement of existing CMSs with a central Drupal service. As is so often the case during meetings between Drupal users having a common background, the main topics under discussion were pain points; what was apparent in the conversation that ensued was the commonality of these among the experiences of those present.
One area of particular concern was hosting, with almost everyone present agreeing that Universities often suffer from a peculiar fetish for internal hosting which can make it controversial to explore external hosting options. The main reason for this seems to be the desire to avoid exposing sensitive data, and that is clearly an important issue for many websites managed within the HE sector. The desire to keep things internal can make Drupal hosting especially difficult where there is a dependency for stability reasons on old versions of infrastructure elements such as PHP.
The approach which is being taken in Adelaide is of particular interest and something that we should explore further, especially given our own desire to look into the possibilities of configuration deployment and tools such as Puppet, Vagrant and Docker for automated deployment of the required server environments. The developers who set up the BoF have created an evolving platform for automated deployment of Drupal 8 to get around their internal hosting issues; they hope to collaborate on this with other institutions and ultimately make it available for wider use. We are not yet planning for Drupal 8, but the principles of how to manage deployment of Drupal in a devolved HE context are of interest regardless of the Drupal version being used. We have a relatively sophisticated means of deploying updates to the Distribution Profile that is associated with our central Drupal CMS, but we can do more with our automated deployment process in the admittedly more complex area of configuration and server deployment for the central CMS itself.
Another topic covered was role management – how to ensure that only the appropriate people can perform tasks such as generating a new Drupal site, or use functionality within a site. LDAP groups were discussed as one means of achieving this, with users automatically added and removed from roles within Drupal based on their LDAP group membership; this requires that groups be configured with the appropriate members, and that there are clearly defined mappings between those groups and roles in the CMS.
Overall this was a really interesting BoF. It was great to discuss both the positive aspects and common problems associated with using Drupal in an HE context, and to hear how other institutions are deploying and using Drupal. At the end of the session, contact details were shared and this will hopefully lead to further engagement beyond our meet-up in Barcelona.