This week myself and a few colleagues attended DrupalCon 2015 in Barcelona and I have been posting some general comments as well as session summaries from Day 1 and Day 2.
In a new approach to the early morning keynotes at DrupalCon, Day 3 began with two Community Keynotes presented by David Rosaz and Mike Bell. It was fantastic to see two community members being given the DrupalCon main stage as a forum to present on two very different topics that are important to them, and of interest to the community in general.
David’s presentation of his PhD research covered the different types of contribution made to peer communities such as the Drupal community, highlighting how important all types of contribution are to the continuing success of any such community, as well as how contributions can be encouraged and sustained to strengthen it.
Mike’s talk was of a much more personal nature, using his own experience of mental health problems to open a conversation on this difficult topic in a presentation that clearly chimed with many who were physically present in the audience or following the session online. It was inspiring to hear Mike speak so eloquently about his own mental health issues, how he has learned to accept and deal with them, and how others can do the same; such openness is rare, particularly in front of such a large audience, many of whom are complete strangers. The impact of his presentation, and the audience’s response to it, testifies not only to Mike’s bravery in standing up there to give such a personal talk, a nerve-wracking experience in itself, but also to the inclusive, supportive nature of the Drupal community.
Our experiences of some of the sessions from the final day of DrupalCon in Barcelona are outlined below. Thanks to Riky, Tim, Andrew, Adrian and Chris for contributing their thoughts on sessions they attended; any errors, omissions or misinterpretations in their edited notes are entirely mine. Most of the sessions mentioned below, along with many more interesting talks, are recorded and available on the DrupalCon YouTube channel.
The day finished with the Closing Session, where it was announced that DrupalCon 2016 will be in Dublin.
This session covered how a Drupal back-end can be decoupled from the front-end, supplying back-end APIs which allow an alternative front-end development tool to be used, a web development technique that is extremely prevalent today. The speaker acknowledged that Drupal does content management very well, but the website delivery tool out of the box does not always live up to the standard of the Drupal back-end. When constructing the model – adding a new content type – the process of getting fields set up and widgets created to configure the admin form is quick, but a lot of time is required to get the output right in the theming layer. Here, a Fully Decoupled model was proposed to address the limitations of front-end development in Drupal. The speaker noted that an alternative Progressive/Hybrid model could use Drupal to provide, for example, the header, footer and menu, with AngularJS for the rich, functional part of the page.
AngularJS is a framework for building decoupled front-end applications, chosen from the many alternatives for several reasons. The large development community makes it easy to get help, and the ready availability of lots of modules via ngmodules.org provides solutions for common problems that the community has already solved. AngularJS embodies OO concepts (dependency injection, etc.) to give a much cleaner codebase, and uses known recipes for laying out the structure of code and solving problems. The framework is supported by Google, which suggests that it should have longevity.
The format of the session was a whistle-stop tour of the tools required to prepare for using Drupal with AngularJS, followed by a demonstration of how the Drupal Views module can be used in conjunction with Drupal 8 RESTful web services to implement a back-end API which will generate view output in pure JSON form for consumption by a front-end application developed in AngularJS.
The following tools are required in the toolkit for a developer wishing to use the techniques demonstrated here:
- Node.js with NPM as package manager;
- a JS package manager, in this case Bower;
- a Task Runner to contain scripts that do particular tasks such as running tests or deploying code, in this case Grunt (Gulp and Broccoli would be suitable alternatives);
- a Scaffolding tool, which takes away a lot of the work in initially building your application, in this case Yeoman (slush would be another option);
- a Testing framework, in this case Karma, which comes with AngularJS (Behat is another option).
Having outlined the toolkit required, the speaker went on to demonstrate the stages of development, showing how straightforward decoupling Drupal can be once you have the right tools in place. The steps covered are described below, but this summary is no substitute for watching the excellent session recording and reviewing the code samples used in the demonstration.
1 Create “REST Export” display for view
A new display type for views is provided by RESTful web services, generating “just the data” in raw JSON format when the API URL is called. When the View is filtered, for example by ID, only filtered content appears in the JSON RESTful output.
2 Scaffolding for the AngularJS application
A scaffolding tool, Yeoman in this example, provides recipes which do the legwork of building the initial application. A simple command creates the base directories that are required for the web application, such as app for the code, dist for the compiled/minified files, required components for node & bower, etc. In this example, Node was used for the server side and Bower supplied the dependencies for AngularJS. A Grunt file defines the tasks which can be done on the project; an IDE such as PHPStorm may provide a pretty visual representation of this.
It was extremely impressive to see just how much of the repetitive process of getting an application up and running can be automated. The scaffolding process creates an empty application that is ready for code!
3 Set up the client side HTML to support the AngularJS code
The AngularJS application demonstrated was a single page application using index.html (HTML is the templating language for AngularJS). The compiled public version of this file differs from the version used during development because the Grunt task from the scaffolding recipe takes out unnecessary lines that are only for dev purposes when compiling the application. Again, automation simplifies the development and deployment process.
In index.html, an attribute on the body tag (ng-app) acts as a directive to provide scope for the AngularJS module that will provide functionality.
4 Create the server side AngularJS code
The app.js file in the AngularJS application contains router information to let the front-end know where to send requests. AngularJS uses dependency injection to inject the correct service at runtime; all that is needed is to provide the service name in arguments when defining the function. It was noted that HTML 5 mode needs to be enabled and base defined in order to use clean URLs, otherwise you get # in URLs. The $routeProvider configuration is used to tell AngularJS what template to use and what controller to use for each URL. The response handler is defined in a .js file, and a template file generates the application output using the RESTful web services output drawn from Drupal.
Et voila, with all of this in place, the Drupal 8 back-end is successfully decoupled and content consumed using a front-end AngularJS application.
5 Extend the app
Having covered the creation of the application, the demonstration went on to extend it, installing a new client-side package using Bower, which downloads a dependency that can then be configured in AngularJS app. This is done by including the dependency to the JS file for the package in the index.html file and adding the dependency to app.js in the section where dependencies are configured. Once the new client-side package is configured via these simple steps, it is ready to use.
The speaker briefly touched on equivalent functionality for Drupal 7, which does not have the built-in RESTful web services provided by Drupal 8. The services module can open up all nodes on the system via GUI config, and hooks can be used to override how the data is sent back. Alternatively, the RESTful module is code-based & gives more control over how the data is returned. The generator-hedley Yeoman script provides a scaffodling recipe to build a Drupal 7 back-end with an Angular application client, and includes Behat as the testing framework.
This session was very well presented and incredibly dense; the speaker not only provided background on the reasons for decoupling Drupal and how RESTful web services can be used to achieve this, but also gave a really good overview of how an AngularJS application is structured, showing just how clean the code can be and how well back-end and front-end elements are separated. Some developers in IS Applications are already exploring the possibilities of AngularJS in the context of uPortal development (see Unit testing AngularJS portlet with Maven and Jasmin and Making Portlets Angular); what we saw here indicates that we should definitely be pursuing this further. Decoupling allows the best tool to be used for the particular task in hand. The exciting potential is not limited to the Drupal context; given how much of the web is now being delivered using these decoupling techniques, we should start making the most of the flexibility they provide.
This was a Q and A session with a panel of 3 from larger Drupal shops these were:
- Mike King, Project Manager with AnnerTech in Ireland
- Dogma Muth, Project Manager from Amazee Labs in Zurich
- Steve Parks, Wunderroot in London
The main takeaway from this session covers the question I raised on UX. What we did during the EdWeb project around UX was basically correct but too chunky; it could be refined to be more efficient by doing the UX in smaller chunks and earlier. Another improvement would be starting the wire-framing before the design is complete, the caveat being to do this where this fits. A second takeaway is around project communication, the two key words here are “early” and “transparent”!
Below is a summary of the questions and discussion. Also, check out the Wunder Way at http://way.wunder.io, where Wunderroot explain their project delivery strategy.
Q: How much do you explain to your clients about what Drupal is as a community?
All three said that they explain to their customers the principles behind the community, usually at the outset, and attempt to educate their clients and encourage their teams to engage and, where possible, contribute to the community. It’s also important to get their clients on board so that code can be fed back to the community after a project has finished where this is appropriate.
All three noted that there are different options for time recording from individual recording across a client/community split to having a percentage within a sprint for community-focused work. Also, community time spent during office hours needs to be met with the same amount of time outside of the organisation.
Q: How can small teams with a limited number of people and resources accommodate all the traditional Agile roles and processes?
In this situation it is important to concentrate on the most important parts and not try to do everything at once. Firstly, use communication as a tool to ensure that user stories correctly generate the deliverables to achieve the project objectives. With this in mind, it is important to understand why a feature is needed. The “so that” part of the story needs to clearly identify why something is wanted. Again on the communications front, stand-ups are the key to transparency within the project team.
Q: How is UX incorporated into your Agile process, in particular in projects with a large number of user stories and pressure to get things out the door?
Simple answer – wire-frames and process flow! Test often and early and keep it simple. Test on prototypes and allow sufficient time for this. It is good practice for the person doing the design not to pass the UX. There is no perfect way, but the key is dialogue! It is not recommended to wait until all the various design parts are finished before starting, and it’s important to keep asking what does the user really need. Find a way to confirm that by getting real end-users involved at the earliest stage possible. Also, UX starts at the beginning of a project with customer journeys.
Q: What is the ideal sprint length?
Two weeks, with a regular meeting structure including adequate time for planning and review. The whole team needs to be involved in sprint/iteration review. For some projects shorter sprint/iteration are a better fit, especially where faster demos are required; likewise under certain circumstances it may be better for a longer sprint/iteration duration.
Q: What is the best testing approach?
The key here is comprehensive automated testing, peer testing and of course dumb user (PM!) testing. It is also good practice to include testing in the definition of “done”, enforcing the idea that a user story is not done until testing is complete.
Q: How can things that were missed during discovery be picked up at a later stage, and how is this communicated with the client?
It’s easy: go back to the client at the earliest opportunity. Secondly, if this means extra scope then something has to give, and the client needs to prioritise. To avoid this happening, it’s important that the clients understand the principles of Agile and how it works. Change will always happen; it needs to be embraced and communicated, early and accurately, in order to allow prioritisation.
In this session, the speaker talked about how Pantheon successfully maintain a worldwide engineering team where 30% of engineers work remotely.
A distributed culture gives autonomy to function in space and time. It has several benefits to the company, such as higher availability of staff and greater coverage of time zones for supporting services, but also benefits staff members too, allowing greater flexibility in how they work, and freeing up time which would otherwise be spent on commuting to an office.
To assist in their distributed working, Pantheon use a variety of tools:
- Slack instant messaging with the Hubot chat bot;
- Google Hangouts for meetings;
- PagerDuty to alert support staff when outages occur;
- Waffle as a Trello-like board for working with GitHub issues;
- Sprintly as an Agile board;
- Stickies as a collaborative online whiteboard
- YubiKeys, a hardware key which needs to be plugged into a PC by a staff member, for 2 Factor Authentication.
However, there are things which aren’t as easy when working in a distributed manner. For Pantheon, trust, security and morale are very important; negativity and staff frustration can be amplified when working remotely. Pantheon introduced mandatory working from home days so that all staff could empathise with those who don’t work in an office. The bottom line is that you cannot beat actually getting together in person, but that doing so in a relaxed and more social manner can strongly aid working together remotely, even if only between different offices, by opening communication channels.
While we don’t have much distributed working in IS Applications, a lot of the tools were interesting and principles and techniques were discussed here which can be applied to people working in offices in the same city, but located in different offices and across different teams. We have equivalents for some of the tools demonstrated (HipChat, Skype for Business, Jira and Jira Agile), but using PagerDuty as an alerting system, 2FA hardware keys and extending HipChat with chat bots were all ideas which I will investigate further to see if they could be adopted within the department.
The session started by describing the old Continuous Integration workflow used by FFW; there was a single development environment, with all commits made to the master branch and then master was deployed to DEV, which caused shared resource problems and took too long for developers to configure their local development environment each time.
Their current workflow is now much better, and in some ways similar to the development performed for the Drupal projects: local Vagrant VMs are used, with feature branches in Git and automated testing on pull requests, BackTrac shows visual diffs between site versions and multi-node Munin for OS monitoring.
To enable their new workflow FFW produced CIBox, a standardised, preconfigured way to deploy the Jenkins continuous integration server. These are Vagrant Ubuntu VMs configured with Ansible and setup to use a GitHub project. The Jenkins VMs have Jenkins plugins, LAMP with SSL, CodeSniffer and JSHint code sniffers, SCSS-Lint for SASS file linting, security linters, Jetty and Solr, Selenium and Behat, and Drupal configuration instantly available.
While it is unlikely that we would use CIBox to replace our current Bamboo configuration, it was encouraging to see that many of the improved workflow techniques used by FFW are already being adopted by Development Services (Git with feature branches) or are soon to be investigated (local Vagrant development environments).
“Drupal is near impossible to test in an automated way; there’s too code and too much in the database,”
So began the confident speaker in a very exciting talk about the Probo Continuous Integration server. Traditionally in modern CI workflows, issues would be created and assigned to developers, they would create code and commit it to a feature branch, then this would be reviewed in DEV. However, despite these ‘best practices’, having multiple tickets worked on in one feature branch can mean cherry-picking pain if the Business is only happy that some of the issues have been successfully completed.
An alternative workflow proposed by Probo is to still have assigned tickets get coded on by developers and committed to a feature branch, but then have these feature branches get reviewed in their own temporary environments. This allows far more useful QA to be performed and avoids situations where only half a feature branch is ready for merging.
To enable this alternative workflow which distinguishes the tool from being “yet another CI server”, Probo was created. Available as both a hosted SaaS solution and as an open source project, Probo watches a GitHub project and automatically creates a temporary environment on the creation of a pull request. The technology it runs on is also interesting, using ‘fat’ Docker containers which treat an environment as a single unit.
The process of isolating individual features on a branch is actually similar to how feature branches were used in the project to develop the University’s new Drupal CMS, EdWeb. Each feature branch represented the functionality for a particular user story, but rather than having temporary environments automatically spin up, each branch was deployed to the Dev infrastructure, and only merged when ready. Automatic deployment of a temporary environment for each branch would have saved us having to manage the slot for deployment of a feature branch to Dev. Another difference is that QA by the business was carried out in a Test environment after merging with other features; whilst it did not happen often, we were still sometimes in a position where features that had been merged were not quite ready for production. The ability for the business to do their QA on the feature branch in a temporary environment would have been extremely useful. The session also highlighted a flaw in the new workflows being developed as part of our Python adoption.
This was a very entertaining session that I would encourage others to watch. Having a way to spin up temporary environments for QA is a very powerful technique which can be applied not just to Drupal, but to all of our development, and is something I intend to investigate further.
This session centred around Shoov, an open sourced visual regression tool developed by Gizra. Shoov provides both live monitoring of an application – as you would get from pingdom or 24×7 – and live visual regression testing. Testing for visual regression on the live site allows you to test for issues introduced by 3rd party elements, such as Facebook and Twitter widgets, as well as pick up on elements not rendering as expected, which cannot be spotted by conventional tests. It helps identify the cases where the site is broken as far as the users are concerned, but more conventional monitoring would report everything to be OK.
The session demonstrated how to use Behat to define your tests, and how to run the same test for multiple browsers (Chrome, IE, etc) on multiple platforms (Windows 7, OS X Yosemite, iPhone 5, etc) across multiple viewports (320, 640, 960, etc). You aren’t tied to Behat for testing; cucumber, casper.js and others are also supported.
The demonstration also covered how to exclude specific elements on the page that you always expect to differ from your base element, such as video, image carousels or other animated elements. You just use a CSS3 identifier to specify whether it should be excluded, hidden or removed before generating the diff image. Not only do you get a high contrast image diff, as Wraith generates (see also Fundamentals of Front-End Ops), but you can also get an image overlay where you can swipe to reveal one version overlaid on the other.
RDFa from schema.org is now in Drupal 8 core and this session showed what is currently possible with the help of contrib modules and what is in the pipeline with sandbox modules.
There is a lot of work going on to reduce the overhead both for site builders and site users in adding semantic markup to their pages. In Drupal 7 it is not a quick process to build a new entity and map its fields to RDFa properties.
With the RDF UI module it becomes very easy to generate a new content type based on a schema.org definition. If you want to create a new sporting event content type for example, you can specify that it is to be generated with a schema.org definition and you are just presented with a list of fields derived from http://schema.org/SportsEvent; then you just need to select those properties you want to use and generate fields for, and the entity is built for you with all the RDFa mapping done.
Keeping to the premise that you shouldn’t be replicating content in many places, there is a lot of effort going into tapping into external sources for taxonomies and marking those up with the correct RDFa automatically. Being able to have Entity Reference Fields take data from external APIs means you don’t have to replicate the effort in maintaining the taxonomy. For instance, you want to have the user select a genre for your music site, just point your entity reference field at the Genre API and offload that work while ensuring the semantic markup is also there to help search engines give intelligent results for searches by music genre.
When it comes to user-generated content and including semantic markup, there has only really been the RDFa Content Editor (RDFaCE) plugin for TinyMCE. But now we have a couple of extra buttons coming to CKEditor in Drupal 8 to allow users to apply semantic links to content – with dynamic lookups to Wikidata – to make it easy for you to, for instance, mark the word “Paris” in your content as a prince of Troy rather than have search engines interpret your content as relevant for the capital of France. There is a dynamic lookup based on your initial selection which you can further refine with additional terms to locate the correct “Paris” in the list and select that, and this is all without leaving your main workflow, making it more likely that content editors will actually use semantic markup.
This session covered lessons learned during the development of the ERPAL distribution. There are many uses for a distribution platform, which can start to introduce new challenges.
At the University our mechanism for supplying a Distribution profile matching the central Drupal CMS provision is still quite new, as is using Drupal in general. Although not widely used at the moment, there is quite a lot of scope for sites to implement sites based on the Distribution. It is however quite difficult to pre-empt how something so new will be used; we should remain aware of the potential is it matures in order to exploit it.
I attended this session with a colleague from the University Website Programme team, who manage the central Drupal CMS provision, EdWeb. Afterwards, the talk sparked a conversation about our own distribution and issues which we might have at the moment. The main thing that came out of this discussion is that a default config for our distribution site would be useful to make it easier for users to get up and running with working with it. We will follow this up by writing up some of the areas which have already arisen as needing some configuration for new users of our distribution. We can then identify how to incorporate this into this distribution itself, or even just into the one-click distribution provided on our central hosting system, which will be much simpler to achieve, and may be all that is required.
In this session, Dries talked mainly about the high and low points of the Drupal 8 project.
One of the main suggestions that came out of this was to release fewer things sooner, which is a strategy that will be adopted for future Drupal releases. It’s possible to see parallels between the Drupal 8 project and our project to develop the central Drupal CMS, EdWeb, giving some perspective on what we have done and achieved, and suggesting how we might proceed in future.
